Biography of Joseph Henry

Joseph Henry (born December 17, 1797 in Albany, New York) was a physicist known for his pioneering work in electromagnetism, his support and promotion of scientific advancement in America, and for his role as the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, which he helped shape into an academic and research center. Fast Facts: Joseph Henry Born: December 17, 1797 in Albany, New YorkDied: May 13, 1878 in Washington, D.C.Known For: Physicist who made pioneering contributions to the understanding and applications of electromagnetism. He served as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, helping cement its reputation as a research organization.Parents’ Names: William Henry, Ann AlexanderSpouse: Harriet AlexanderChildren: William, Helen, Marie, Caroline, and two children who died in infancy Early Life Henry was born December 17, 1797 in Albany, New York to William Henry, a day laborer, and Ann Alexander. Henry was sent to live with his maternal grandmother when he was a boy, and attended school in a town roughly 40 miles from Albany. A few years later, Henry’s father died. When Henry was 13, he moved back to Albany to live with his mother. Motivated to become a performer, he joined an association for theatrical performances. One day, however, Henry read a popular science book called Lectures of Experimental Philosophy, Astronomy and Chemistry, whose probing questions inspired him to pursue further education, first attending night school and then Albany Academy, a college preparatory school. Afterwards, he tutored the family of a general and studied chemistry and physiology in his free time with goal of becoming a doctor. However, Henry became an engineer in 1826, then a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at Albany Academy. He would stay there from 1826 to 1832. Pioneer of Electromagnetism At Albany Academy, Henry began to study the relationship between electricity and magnetism, a theory that was still undeveloped. However, his teaching commitments, isolation from scientific centers, and lack of resources for performing experiments delayed Henry’s research and prevented him from hearing quickly about new scientific developments. Nevertheless, during his time at Albany, Henry made a number of contributions to electromagnetism, including building one of the first motors that use electromagnets, discovering electromagnetic induction–in which an electric field is generated by a magnetic field–independently of the British scientist Michael Faraday, who is often credited with the discovery, and constructing a telegraph that operated with electromagnets. In 1832, Henry became the chair of natural philosophy at the College of New Jersey—later known as Princeton University—, where he continued to develop his ideas on electromagnetism. In 1837, he was awarded a year-long leave of absence with full salary and he traveled to Europe, where he toured the continents main scientific centers and established his reputation as an international scientist. During his travels, he also met and networked with Michael Faraday. Statue of Joseph Henry, the first Smithsonian secretary who served from 1846 to 1878, outside the Smithsonian Castle July 29, 2013 in Washington, DC. Alex Wong / Getty Images Smithsonian and Beyond In 1846, Henry was made the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, which had been established earlier that year. Though Henry was initially reluctant to fulfill the post because he felt that it would take away much time from his research, Henry accepted the position and would remain as secretary for 31 years. Henry played an integral role in the formation of the Institution, proposing a plan to make the Smithsonian Institution increase the â€Å"diffusion of knowledge among men† by facilitating original research through grants, widely circulated reports, and providing ways of publishing reports—thus establishing its reputation as an academic institution and fulfilling its founder’s original wishes. During this time, telegraph lines were being built throughout the country. Henry recognized that they could be used to warn people in different parts of the country of incoming weather conditions. To this end, Henry set up a network, consisting of 600 volunteer observers, that could provide and receive weather reports over many different places in a large area. This would later evolve into the National Weather Service. Henry also encouraged Alexander Graham Bell to invent the telephone. Bell had visited the Smithsonian Institute to learn more about electricity and magnetism from Henry. Bell said that he wanted to invent a device that could transmit the human voice from one end of the device to another, but that he did not know enough about electromagnetism to execute his idea. Henry simply responded, â€Å"Get it.† These two words are believed to have motivated Bell to invent the telephone. From 1861 to 1865, Henry also served as one of then-President Abraham Lincoln’s science advisors, handling the budget and developing ways to conserve resources during the war. Personal Life On May 3, 1820, Henry married Harriet Alexander, a first cousin. They had six children together. Two children died in infancy, while their son, William Alexander Henry, died in 1862. They also had three daughters: Helen, Mary, and Caroline. Henry died in Washington, D.C., on May 13, 1878. He was 80 years old. After Henry died, the inventor of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell, arranged for Henry’s wife to have free phone service as a token of appreciation for Henry’s encouragement. Legacy Henry is known for his work in electromagnetism and for his role as the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. At the Smithsonian, Henry proposed and executed a plan that would encourage original scientific research and its dissemination to a wide range of audiences. In electromagnetism, Henry made a number of achievements, which include: Building the first apparatus that used electricity to work. Henry developed a device that could separate ores for an iron factory.Building one of the first electromagnetic motors. Contrasting previous motors that relied on a rotating motion to work, this apparatus consisted of an electromagnet that oscillated on a pole. Though Henry’s invention was more of a thought experiment than something that could be used for practical applications, it helped pave the way for electric motors to be developed.Helping invent the telegraph. One of Henry’s inventions, a high-intensity battery, was used by Samuel Morse as he developed the telegraph, which later enabled the widespread use of electricity.Discovering electromagnetic induction—a phenomenon in which a magnet can induce electricity—independently of Michael Faraday. The SI unit of inductance, the henry, is named after Joseph Henry. Sources â€Å"Henry Bell.† Joseph Henry Project, Princeton University, 2 Dec. 2018, www.princeton.edu/ssp/joseph-henry-project/henry-bell/.Magie, W. F. â€Å"Joseph Henry.† Reviews of Modern Physics, vol. 3, Oct. 1931, pp. 465–495., journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.3.465.Rittner, Don. A To Z of Scientists in Weather and Climate. Facts on File (J), 2003.Whelan, M., et al. â€Å"Joseph Henry.† Edison Tech Center Engineering Hall of Fame, Edison Tech Center, edisontechcenter.org/JosephHenry.html.

Sociocultural Theory And Second Language Learning

Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning â€Å"Language is the most pervasive and powerful cultural artefact that humans possess to mediate their connection to the world, to each other, and to themselves† [Lantolf Thorne 2007:201]. The idea of mediation inherent in this notion of the language is a fundamental element of Sociocultural Theory [SCT], one of the most influential approaches to learning and mental development since the 1990s, drawing its origin from the work of soviet psychologist and semiotist Lev Vygotsky and his colleagues. This essay aims to describe major principles of SCT and its central constructs, particularly Semiotic Mediation and The Zone of Proximal Development and gives examples of related research studies†¦show more content†¦conversation]. 1.1 The Linguistics Mediation of Psychological Processes â€Å"Language as a mean of mediation† According to Wertsch [1985], Vygotsky’s primary concern was with language as a psychological tool. His work paid particular attention to â€Å"the effect signs have on the psychology or cognition of communicating individuals.† [Mertz 1985:11] This postulate implies that the move from elementary to higher mental processes is shaped and mediated by language. Foundation in cognitive development is social interaction, it is .therefore, important to emphasize that this transformation occurs within the social context. At its core, Vygotsky’s theory investigates the mediating role of language in the cognitive development of children, however, the â€Å"social† principles underlying his theory can be applied into L2 context. Stemming from this idea, the process of second language acquisition is understood as a meaning-making collaborative activity. 1.2 Languages Mediating Sociocultural Though [Whorf] â€Å"Language as shaper of ideas† â€Å"You are what you speak† According to Mertz [1985], the process of semiotic mediation described by Whorf is the same as that described by Vygotsky: â€Å"in both cases language is the medium by which external reality shapes internal psychology†[p.12]. Nevertheless, Whorf’s theory differs from Vygotsky’s theory in one aspect. Vygotsky focuses on children’s cognitive development, whereas Whorf â€Å"replaces children’s mental processes by wider-scale cultural

Counseling Ethics Liver Transplant Surgery

Question: Describe about the Counseling Ethics for Liver Transplant Surgery. Answer: Introduction to the Case of Dr Susan Lim Dr. Susan Lim is one of the leading surgeons of Singapore, who is famous for performing the first ever successful liver transplant surgery. However, her popularity decreased after the case of the Brunei family in 2007. She had charged 12million for performing the breast cancer treatment of Queen of Brunes sister. The fee that has been charged by Dr. Lim is considered to be excessive. The Singapore Medical Council has acquired her for not following the moral code of conduct and dis-respecting the ethical rules of the medical practice. She was also responsible for conducting the treatment for 110 days that lasted from January to June 2007. The longer duration of treatment helped Dr. Lim to raise the cost of the bill. The court of Singapore has issued a penalty of $10,000 and canceled her license of surgeons for the 3 years (Harding, 2016). This is one of the significant cases, where the physician is responsible for violating the moral code of medical practice. In this report, the moral dilemma that has occurred in the case of Dr. Lim is being discussed in details. The eight step model of ethical decision making is applied to explain the position of Dr. Lim. The moral position of Dr. Lim is also described along with the limitations of each theory. Moral dilemma faced by Dr Susan Lim In the modern world the physicians and surgeons have to face the challenge of providing high quality treatment to the patients and also lower the cost of medical service. Every medical professionals need to practice certain ethical code of conduct that will help them to ensure the safety of the patients. There are times, when the physicians had to higher the cost of treatment in order to provide the best quality treatment to the patients. However, there are times; the physicians raise the cost of treatment by prescribing unnecessary treatment and also recommending excessive medications. This helps them to increase their earnings and make better profit. For providing treatments to the rich and royal family the doctors often face the moral dilemma for providing the best quality treatment. In the case of Dr. Lim, it is her duty to follow the moral code of conduct and ensure that there is no discrimination that is done with the patients that may lower her reputation. However, as she is p roviding treatment to the Queen of Brunei, who belongs to the royal family, it is her duty to provide the best and advanced quality of treatment. After the incidence excessive billing charge the international reputation of Dr Lim as a renowned physicians will be compromised and she will also not able to practice in all parts of the world. Many patients will also not be able to seek medical treatment advice from her and she will not be able to make her capable contribution to the field of medical world. She will also lose the trust of her patients. The situation of moral dilemma can be resolved using the theories related to the ethical decision making. Application of 8-Step Ethical Decision model The eight steps of ethical decision making is one of the effective techniques that can be applied in order to ensure good ethical decisions are made during the time of ethical dilemma (Iphofen, 2016). Dr. Lim can make effective decisions about the medical treatment using the framework of the ethical decision model. Step one: Gathering of Facts The first step for applying the ethical decision model is gathering of the facts related to the incident (Patuzzo Manganotti, 2014). Dr Lim has to gather the facts about the treatment process and also provide facts like the clinical condition of the queen of Brunei family. With the help of further detail information related to the treatment process Dr. Lim can make need to provide the conclusion about the dilemmatic condition. It is also important to consider the uncertainty of the conditions that related to the treatment provided. The treatment of a disease like the breast cancer is done using the many assumptions. It is important to make sure about the assumptions are also included in the facts that is needed to resolve the ethical dilemma (Navabet al., 2016). Step two: Definition of the ethical issues The second step of the model is to provide definition of about the ethical issues. In this case, Dr. Lim has to define the ethical dilemma of the situation that will help to identify the particular crisis of the situation. It is common for physicians to face the moral dilemma during the time providing quality healthcare service. The expense of medical care needs to be reasonable, which will help to maintain the medical rights of the patients (Sobhani et al. 2016). With the help of proper definition of the ethical issue, it is possible to describe the complexity of the situation and also the exact area of conflict. In the case of Dr. Lim, she has faced the area of conflict is due to the excessive bill amount that she has claimed for doing the treatment of the Brune family member. She has also faced multiple area and elements of conflict that includes keeping the patient for several days and prescribing heavy and unnecessary medications. This has resulted in the serve side-effects of h er patients, which has caused in the worsening conditions of the patients. This is due to the fact that Dr. Lims primary focus to make maximum profit instead of ensuring the safety of the patients. She has also performed heavy diagnostic test on the patient, which had resulted in the worsening condition of the patients. The main ethical issues that is faced by Dr. Lim is due to the heavy billing that is imposed by her and it is essential for her to focus on this major issue instead of focusing on the multiple issues that is faced by her during the treatment. Step 3: Identify of the affected parties In the next step it is important for the physicians to focus on the individual and the groups of people, who are affected due to the ethical issue (Elwyn et al., 2012). In the case of Dr. Lim the primary affected group is the member of the Brune family, who got the treatment of breast cancer. With the identification of the primary stakeholders, who got affected due to the ethical dilemma, Dr. Lim can directly approach the group to settle the matter outside the legal court. She may payback the amount directly to her patient group. This will help to save her reputation to all the public and will also help her to not face the criminal proceedings of the court and face legal challenges. She can also seek help for the secondary stakeholders, who got affected due herb action of moral dilemma. This includes the members of the hospital, where she performed the treatment process. It is important for her to realize the affect of the ethical dilemma and the trouble that is faced by the patient due to her unethical actions. This will help her to take intervention steps to provide compensation to the affected groups. Step 4: Identify the Consequence There are several positive and negative consequences due to the ethical dilemma like situation. For Dr. Lim the primary negative effects are the loss of the reputation that she had to face. She will also face the risk of losing the fame, which she gained due to her past achievements. It is also important to distinguish the difference between the short and the long term consequences of the ethical dilemma (Heyler, 2016). In order to deal with the short term consequences, for Dr. Lim need to take the advice of legal professionals, which will help her to minimize the immediate effects of the court proceedings. On the other hand to deal with the long term consequence, this includes the compromise of the international reputation, Dr. Lim needs to provide treatment to at lower cost and also focus on the quality of care that is provided to the patients. Due to the act of Lim, the reputation of the Singapore medical care is also compromised and people will lose the faith on seeking better qu ality healthcare treatment. However, there is good chance that there will be barriers that will be faced by the Lim while making decisions about the ethical dilemmas. Nevertheless, in order to avoid the adverse consequence of the situation Lim needs to overcome the cognitive barriers that are faced by the organization. Step 5: Identification of the relevant principles, rights and justice issues By taking the assistance of the legal advisors, Dr. Lim needs to understand the ethical principles, which has been violated due to her action. Hence, thereafter she needs to ensure that the intervention steps taken by her do not cause harm to other groups or individual. Effective decision making process is essential to ensure that the consequences unethical actions can be avoided. She can also use the clinical data of her patient to justify about the high cost of treatment that is provided. She may also explain the necessary medical intervention that was required to provide relief to the patient. Step 6: Consideration of personal character and integrity Dr. Lim can also take assistance of her colleague and fellow physicians, who can provide moral support to her. She also needs to seek the support from them, which can help them to enhance the reputation. There are several popular newspapers, which published the incidents and it is the duty of Dr. Lim to provide proper justification of her position and therefore, which will help in the restoration her reputation. She needs to provide justification considering about the patients, who got affected due her unethical practice. Step 7: Creative thinking about the potential actions The justifications that are provided by Dr. Lim need to be strong and have sufficient evidence. This will prevent her opposition group to force her in the corner within the case. She also has to provide alternative justification and resolutions about the situation. She also needs to ensure that the parties, who are attached with her duty also do not get affected due to her decisions. Step 8: Checking of the Gut Finally, it is crucial that the decisions that are made by Dr. Lim are made according to the judicial guidelines. She needs to have clear idea to ensure that the decisions made do not violate the ethical rules. Having good faith and confidence in the decision making process, will help her to ensure to take effective decision. Description of Moral position using two moral theories and its limitations The theory of teleology is based on the moral fact that a decision needs to be made so that it protects the right of every individual. The consequence of every decision also needs to be considered. In case of Dr Lim, the decision of prescribing unnecessary medication and keeping the patient in hospital for longer duration was implemented to have greater profit. The patient group on the other hand, had to face adverse consequence by paying extra bills. This theory is based on the concept of hard universalism (Cockerham, 2014). The main limitation of this theory is that it does not focus on the aim of the situation that give raise an unethical situation. Moreover, it focuses only on the view point of one group and does not consider the opinions and position of the all other groups, who are involved. The Deontology theory or moral dilemma is based on the principle duty, where the right and the wrong side of a situation are judged based on the duty that is being performed (Brody, 2012). In the situation of Dr Lim, her primary duty was to give the best possible treatment to her patient based on the needs of the patient. However, using the fact that her patient belonged from the rich background she raised the cost of the treatment. The main limitation of this theory is that people, who follow the guidelines, do not focus on the ethical issues and blindly focus only on the moral duties. The use of the teleology and deontology theory is appropriate for the case of Dr. Lim as it helps in the matter of dealing with the case of ethical dilemma. As the principles of these theories are related to the case of moral dilemma, which is the main issue in case of Dr Lim, the use of this theory has helped to analyze the situation. It also helps to identify the incidents that has caused the ethical dilemma of the situation. Conclusion In order to seek support due to the legal issues that is faced by Dr Lim, she need to use the 8-step ethical decision making model. This will help her in the process of dilemma that is faced by her during after the incidence of overcharging of medical bill. This model will help her to seek medical support and thereby help in the process of getting moral and legal support. She needs to make effective decision in order to restore her reputation. She also needs to minimize the adverse legal effects, which will help her to avoid cancellation of license. Using the theories of moral dilemma, it can be justified that the action Dr Lim, has violated the ethical guidelines of medical practice and she has ignored the needs of the patient and have only focused on individual needs. Reference Brody, B. A. (Ed.). (2012).Moral theory and moral judgments in medical ethics(Vol. 32). Springer Science Business Media. Cockerham, W.C., 2014.Medical sociology. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Elwyn, G., Frosch, D., Thomson, R., Joseph-Williams, N., Lloyd, A., Kinnersley, P., ... Edwards, A. (2012). Shared decision making: a model for clinical practice.Journal of general internal medicine,27(10), 1361-1367. Heyler, S. G., Armenakis, A. A., Walker, A. G., Collier, D. Y. (2016). A qualitative study investigating the ethical decision making process: A proposed model.The Leadership Quarterly. Iphofen, R. (2016).Ethical decision making in social research: A practical guide. Springer. John Harding, (2016). [online] Available at: https://johnharding.com/2011/03/dr-susan-lims-great-singapore-ripoff/ [Accessed 21 Dec. 2016]. Navab, A., Koegel, R., Dowdy, E., Vernon, T. (2016). Ethical Considerations in the Application of the ScientistPractitioner Model for Psychologists Conducting Intervention Research.Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy,46(2), 79-87. Patuzzo, S., Manganotti, P. (2014). Deep brain stimulation in persistent vegetative states: Ethical issues governing decision making.Behavioural neurology,2014. Sobhani, S., Ghasemian, A., Farzadfar, F., Mashhadinejad, H., Hejrani, B. (2016). Ethical Theories Used by Neurosurgery Residents to Make Decisions in Challenging Cases of Medical Ethics.Neuroethics,9(3), 253-261.

My education Essays - Education In Texas, , Term Papers

My Education Elsy Zavala Education is the key to success in life. According to Wikipedia, ?education is anu act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. ?According to Merriam-Webster online dictionary, education is ?the action or process of educating or of being educated? and ?the knowledge and development resulting from an educational process.? I agree with the definition of education in the two dictionaries, but my own education experience, but my own educational experience tells me that education also includes motivation, persistence, time management, pains, joy, and support from other people. My High school education is a very important and unforgettable part of my life. I attended Valley View High School in Hidalgo Texas. The school Mascot is a tiger: blue and gold are the colors for Valley View. I graduated from the high school in 2008 without any honors. No, I wasn?t happy knowing that many of my friends did graduate with honors and me without a single ribbon or metal hanging from my neck, but I knew everything was because during my high school year and most of my senior year I decided to have fun and put my education behind. Math was my biggest weakness subject throughout my high school year. I struggled a lot with algebra I couldn?t understand how we would get so may numbers and letters from just a simple problem. Even though I attended Saturday tutoring and also even stayed after school I wouldn?t improve anything; nothing would stay stuck in my brain. Mr. De Leon a teacher who would help students understand the subject well and see what was the main problem for a s tudent not understanding the subject finding a solution. He made a huge improvement on me and when we would get together to study for quizzes , test and for the TAKS, a big challenge that with hard worked and effort I passed thanks to Mr.De Leon. English class was fun and the teachers made it easier to understand. I wasn?t so good on the subject or my spelling has been never so good. My grammar and punctuations are my weakness in the subject and can write many things on a essay because I have a lot imagination but everything without a period at the end because I just like to keep on going writing nonstop. Thank God I did pass my essay in the TAKS, I wouldn?t never get lower grades on the writing part or a high grade I was just ok. I was in extracurricular activities after school, for example; mariachi, flags and sports. I would play any type of sports like soccer, basketball, volleyball, softball and track. Sports and the other activities because if I wouldn?t pass, I wouldn?t play. I decide to go to South Texas College because I decided to keep on going on my education, besides STC is not expensive and it makes you feel like if you?re still in high school with all the help that the teachers provide for us. My personal education in high school was challenging and was not as well as today is STC. I wish I could know everything I know today but back than so more things would have sense in my education. When I first attended STC I realize that know I was on my own that I had to become more responsible it was challenging at the beginning but as I meet teachers students things became more easier. Writing class is easy but you need presistance, time, and practice to become better every single day. I handle the writing course with patience but so According to a physical therapists you earn more than $104,350 in the median annual wages in the highest ten percent. In a home health cares you earn 77,630, in a nursing care facilities your earn 76,680, at a general medical and surgical hospitals is 73,270 and lastly in a offices of other health practitioners you earn 71,400. A physical therapists, is a healthcare professional who diagnose and treats individuals of allages, from newborns to the very oldest, who have medical problems or other health-related conditions, illnesses, or injuries. They also promote the ability to move,

The Impact of Algorithmic Trading on Mutual Fund Performance

The Impact of Algorithmic Trading on Mutual Fund Performance Abstract The paper is devoted to the mutual fund performance, tournaments and their interconnection with algorithmic trading. The theoretical research has been conducted with the purpose of understand the nature of tournaments in the industry of mutual funds.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of Algorithmic Trading on Mutual Fund Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Then, the methodology was designed with the purpose to follow the risk-taking behaviour of competitors in tournaments. This allows us to draw a conclusion that endogenous benchmark is not spread in tournament behavior, while exogenous benchmark has stronger influence. Introduction Mutual funds’ functions are limited to helping people have a small share in big corporation. There are two main ways of getting profit from mutual funds, interest or dividends to the fund or the raise of security in value.1 There are a lot of adv antages of mutual funds, like professional management of investments, affordability, variety and diversification, high convenience and easiness in recordkeeping.2 Technologies have revolutionized the processes at the financial markets and influenced the trading of financial assets.3 Having implemented different electronic platforms and algorithms for trading, some market operators are aimed at competing with others instead of â€Å"trading with a counterparty that has no high-speed access†.4 Therefore, the mutual funds are affected as well. The necessity to adopt algorithmic programs is felt due to the increases of the expected performance.5 Tournament behaviour in the mutual fund industry is defined as â€Å"the intense competition between fund managers who alter their portfolio risk with the expectation of improving or maintaining their existing ranking relative to the relevant peer group†.6 Fund managers try to reach the leading top positions at the end of the year7 as these activities are used as the basis for the first decade of a new year. There is no much difference between middle and bottom positions in the mutual fund tournament rating, so, â€Å"the optimal response of a fund manager to its interim performance is an adjustment of her risk taking†.8Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mutual fund tournaments cover â€Å"the attempts of rational fund managers to maximize their expected compensation by adjusting the risk of their portfolios in accordance with their relative performance over a year†.9 According to Wang, â€Å"managers increase their portfolio riskiness in response to the gambling incentives, which tends to have a negative effect on fund performance†.10 Such behaviour also impacts algorithmic traders as the decisions are based on specific information on the markets and the raise of portfolio riskiness means the variation in prices. Focusing attention on mutual fund performance and tournament behaviour, Lin, Chung, Lee conducted a deeper research and identified a direct link between competition fund managers and management risk choice. These activities influence future performance. Lin, Chung, Lee stress that â€Å"the tournament system provides fund managers with the incentives to alter their portfolio risks in an effort to catch up with the market or lock in their yearly performance†.11 Beckmann, Là ¼tje, Rebeggiani have proven that tournament behavior in mutual funds depends on overconfidence, risk assessment and gender differences.12 Mutual fund performance on the international arena is conducted via algorithmic platforms in a number of reasons. Algorithmic trading engines are more secure than human trading. Moreover, algorithmic engines allow monitor and modify funds. It can be concluded that â€Å"algorithmic trading systems capitalize on the ir advantageous ability to process high-speed data feeds and react instantaneously to market movements by submitting corresponding orders or modifying existing ones†.13 The spread of algorithmic trading systems in mutual fund tournaments is explained by the dynamic changing of the principles of financial relations, client needs, cost reducing strategies, emergence of new markets, etc.14Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Impact of Algorithmic Trading on Mutual Fund Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Investors want to know the post risk-taking effect in the industry of mutual funds as this helps them understand â€Å"whether the change of risk-taking alters future fund performance†.15 This data helps algorithmic system predict the outcome of the affair and make decisions. Methodology The increase of declination of the risks may lead to wrong decisions, which, in their turn, are going to influence the situation at the fund market, as â€Å"markets always incorporate all available public information† for their needs.16 To follow the linkage between mutual funds and algorithmic trading, it is necessary to consider the risk-taking behaviour of competitors in tournaments.17 Considering closer the data which should be used for the research, it should be mentioned that sample funds should be referred to from France database for 5 past years. Only domestic equity funds are to be examined with at least 60% hold in common stock. We are not going to take into account specialist funds, closed funds and index funds.18 We expect to â€Å"alter risk-taking behaviour in response to [fund managers’] performance relative to competing fund managers†.19 The first step of our research is the examination of the monthly compound return of each fund taken in one tournament year: , where   is â€Å"the monthly change in the fund’s index series value† .20Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Next, we are going to explore â€Å"relationships between interim period performance and subsequent period risk† by means of calculating risk adjusted-return/ratio which represents the change in risk:21 , where is the intercept, is the gradient, denotes winners dummy variables denotes losers dummy variables.22 We are going to test two hypotheses, H0: b=0 and H1: b0. If the estimated coefficient is equal to 0, so we fail to reject the null hypothesis which states that â€Å"subsequent period fund risk is independent of ranking period performance†.23 If we manage to reject this hypothesis, we will focus on the alternative hypothesis aimed at exploring the central prediction of the tournament hypothesis: â€Å"funds with below benchmark returns in the first part of the year (losers) increase their total risk in the remaining part of the year, relative to better performing funds (winners)†.24 The age of funds should be related to the mutual fund performance and tour nament behavior. Therefore, having classified funs into two categories, ‘young’, which have been existing less than two years, and ‘old’, which have been existing for more than four years. The hypothesis is as follows, the investors â€Å"would be more strongly influenced by poor short-term performance history than for a fund that has been around for some time†.25 Referencing to the previous equation, we are going to utilize the following augmented dummy variable: Conclusion Using the data of France mutual funds performance, we have tested a number of hypotheses which might point to the absence of strong evidence of tournament behavior using endogenous benchmark, however, exogenous benchmark is predicted to be used in the tournament behavior. Furthermore, the impact of the choice of ‘young’ and ‘old’ funds in the mutual funds tournament may be used for changing some parameters in the algorithmic trading system to make the decisions better and more profitable for the investor. Young funds are considered to be more risky, thus, the fund’s performance should be double checked in case of using those. Bibliography A guide to understanding mutual funds, Investment Company Institute, Washington. Beckmann, D., Là ¼tje, T., Rebeggiani, L., 2007. Italian asset managers’ behavior: Evidence on overconfidence, risk taking and gender. Discussion paper, 358, pp. 1-26. Benson, K.L., Hall, J., Lim, X., 2010. Semi-annual mutual fund performance in up and down markets. [pdf]. Broihanne, M., n.d. Funds tournaments and equity portfolio managers risk-taking, [pdf], pp. 1-24. Erturk, K., Ozgur, G., 2009. What is Minsky all about, anyway? Real World Economics Review, 50, pp. 3-15. Gomber, P., Gsell, M., 2009. Algorithmic trading engines versus human traders – do they behave different in securities markets? CFS Working Paper, 2009/10, pp. 1-15. Gsell, M., 2009. Technological innovations in securitie s trading: The adoption of algorithmic trading. Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, pp. 1-13. Gsell, M., n.d. Assessing the impact of algorithmic trading on markets: A simulation approach. [pdf], pp. 1-12. Hallahan, T., Rahim, V., Iorio, A. D. n.p. Risk shifting in Malaysian managed funds – panel data analysis of conventional and Islamic funds. School of Economics, Finance and Marketing. [pdf], pp. 1-42. Hallahan, T., Rahim, V., Miisa, I., Yacoub, A., O’Neill, B., Backulja, M., 2009. Tournament behavior in Malaysian managed funds: A non-parametric analysis. Working Paper, 005. Hendershott, T., Riordan, R., 2009. Algorithmic trading and information. [pdf], pp. 1-40. Jans, R. Otten, R., 2008. Tournaments in the UK mutual fund industry, Managerial Finance, 34(11), pp. 786-798. Kempf, A., Ruenzi, S., 2005. Tournaments in Mutual Fund Families. Discussion Paper, 05-20, pp. 1-35. Khan, M. F., 2006. Financial modernization in 21st century and challenge for Isl amic banking, International Journal of Islamic Financial Services, 1(3), pp. 1-4. Ko, K., Ha, Y., 2010. Mutual fund tournaments and structural changes in an emerging fund market: The case of Korea. FnGuide Research Grant, pp. 113-138. Lin, M., Chung, H., Lee, C., n.d. Mutual fund tournament test: Do shareholders benefit from fund managers’ risk-taking behavior. [pdf]. Wang, X., 2010. On time varying mutual fund performance. Rotman School of Management, Toronto. Footnotes 1 A guide to understanding mutual funds. Investment Company Institute, Washington, p. 3. 2 A guide to understanding mutual funds, p. 4. 3 Terrence Hendershott, Ryan Riordan, 2009. Algorithmic trading and information. [pdf], p. 2 4 Markus Gsell, n.d. Assessing the impact of algorithmic trading on markets: A simulation approach. [pdf], p. 11. 5 Markus Gsell, 2009. Technological innovations in securities trading: The adoption of algorithmic trading. Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems. 6 Karen L. B enson, Jason Hall, Xander Lim, 2010. Semi-annual mutual fund performance in up and down markets. [pdf], p. 1 7 Alexander Kempf Stefan Ruenzi, 2005. Tournaments in Mutual Fund Families. Discussion Paper, 05-20, p. 2. 8 Kempf Ruenzi, p. 2. 9 Kwangsoo Ko Yeonjeong Ha, 2010. Mutual fund tournaments and structural changes in an emerging fund market: The case of Korea. FnGuide Research Grant, p. 116. 10 Xiaolu Wang, 2010. On time varying mutual fund performance. Rotman School of Management, Toronto, p. 26. 11 Mei-Chen Lin, Huimin Chung, Cheng-Few Lee, n.d. Mutual fund tournament test: Do shareholders benefit from fund managers’ risk-taking behavior. [pdf], p. 24. 12  Daniela Beckmann, Torben Là ¼tje, Luca Rebeggiani, 2007. Italian asset managers’ behavior: Evidence on overconfidence, risk taking and gender. Discussion paper, 358, p. 1. 13 Peter Gomber Markus Gsell, 2009. Algorithmic trading engines versus human traders – do they behave different in securities markets? CFS Working Paper, 2009/10, p. 13. 14 M. Fahim Khan, 2006, Financial modernization in 21st century and challenge for Islamic banking, International Journal of Islamic Financial Services, 1(3), p. 1. 15  Lin, Chung, Lee, p. 4. 16 Korkut Erturk Gokcer Ozgur, 2009. What is Minsky all about, anyway? Real World Economics Review, 50, p. 6. 17 Marie-Helene Broihanne, n.d., Funds tournaments and equity portfolio managers risk-taking, [pdf], p. 4. 18 Benson, Hall, Lim, p. 4. 19 Rob Jans Roger Otten, 2008, Tournaments in the UK mutual fund industry, Managerial Finance, 34(11), p. 786. 20 Terrence Hallahan, Vikash Rahim, Imad Miisa, Amel Yacoub, Ben O’Neill, Milica Backulja, 2009, Tournament behavior in Malaysian managed funds: A non-parametric analysis. Working Paper, 005, p. 15. 21 Terrence Hallahan, Vikash Rahim, Amalia Di Iorio, n.p., Risk shifting in Malaysian managed funds – panel data analysis of conventional and Islamic funds. School of Economics, Financ e and Marketing. [pdf], p. 8 22 Hallahan, Rahim, Iorio, p. 8. 23 Hallahan, Rahim, Iorio, p. 8. 24 Hallahan, Rahim, Iorio, p. 9. 25 Hallahan, Rahim, Iorio, p. 10.

Words For Transportation in Spanish

Words For Transportation in Spanish If youre visiting an area where Spanish is spoken, youll need a means of transportation. Here are some of the most common ones, along with a sample sentence for each. Common Spanish Words For Transportation Airplane: el avià ³n. (An airport is un aeropuerto.) Los bebà ©s pueden viajar en avià ³n desde los primeros dà ­as de vida. Babies can travel by plane from the first days of life. Bicycle: la bicicleta, la bici. Cuando la gasolina subià ³ a cuatro dà ³lares, comprà © mi bicicleta para ir al trabajo. When gasoline rose to four dollars, I bought my bicycle for going to work. Boat: el barco, la bota, la barca, el ferry, la lancha, la chalupa, la canoa, la piragua, el kayak. (Names vary with type of boat and sometimes region.) Usted puede viajar en barco de una isla a otra sin problemas. You can travel by boat from one island to the other without problems. Bus: el bus, el autobà ºs, el à ³mnibus, el camià ³n, la camioneta, la chiva, el pullman. (Names vary with region and type of bus, and there are also other names not listed here.) El bus de Barcelona es probablemente el ms conveniente. The Barcelona bus is probably the most convenient. Car: el coche, el carro, el automà ³vil, el auto. Los nià ±os viajarn con ms seguridad en el coche si usan las sillas homologadas. Children will travel more safely in the car if they use approved car seats. Foot: el pie. El hotel se encuentra a 7 minutos a pie de la estacià ³n de ferrocarril. The hotel is located seven minutes by foot from the train station. Helicopter: el helicà ³ptero. El helicà ³ptero es una aeronave propulsada por uno o ms rotores horizontales. The helicopter is an aircraft propelled by one or more horizontal rotors. Horse: el caballo. Hay dos paseos a caballo al dà ­a, uno en la maà ±ana y uno en la tarde. There are two horseback rides a day, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Motorcycle: la motocicleta, la moto. Diarios de motocicleta es una pelà ­cula biogrfica basada en los diarios de viaje de Che Guevara y Alberto Granado. The Motorcycle Diaries is a biographical movie based on the trip diaries of Che Guevara and Alberto Granado. Subway: el metro, el subterrneo. El subterrneo de la Ciudad de Mà ©xico es uno de los ms modernos del mundo.  Mexico Citys subway is one of the most modern in the world. Taxi: taxi. Ofrecemos servicio de taxi seguro, rpido y confiable. We offer safe, fast and reliable taxi service. Train: el tren. (A high-speed train is often a tren de alta velocidad. An express train is known as a tren expreso, tren express or tren rpido. A sleeping car is usually known as a dormitorio. A railway is un ferrocarril.) Suiza es el paà ­s de los trenes de montaà ±a. Switzerland is the country of mountain trains. Truck: el camià ³n. (Other names are also used; a pickup truck is often known as una camioneta, un pickup or una pickup.) Busco trabajo de chofer de larga distancia en camiones. Im looking for work as a long-distance truck driver. Van: la furgoneta, la camioneta, la vagoneta, la buseta, el furgà ³n, el van. (Names vary with region and type of van.) La furgoneta Volkswagen fue popularizada por los hippies en Norteamà ©rica. The Volkswagen van was popularized by American hippies.

Centralizing Ciscos IT Planning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Centralizing Ciscos IT Planning - Case Study Example Boston thought of fixing already operational data and infrastructure in order to assist the organization waste time and money on new applications. Additionally, achieving a cross-functional IT environment could be impossible to achieve in case teams would be allowed to continue using customized software and tools. The second action by Boston involved prioritizing organizational IT platform projects. A list of â€Å"Inhibitors† was used by each function to assist in selecting vital strategic initiatives. it is noteworthy that this action of Boston guided Cisco identify three vital enterprise projects which include upgrading the Oracle ERP system, establishing an enterprise reporting and business intelligence solution, and developing a â€Å"single source of truth† customer database (â€Å"e-customer†) (Mcafee, Mcfarlan & Wagonfeld 5). The second action of Boston was vital for organization performance in the sense that it reduced minimizing time wasting and confusion associated with the sources of customer data. Boston realized that there were many irrelevant data in the organization that needed to be cleared up (Kharif). Boston’s third initiative focused on developing a new funding process for all the organization’s IT projects. Before Boston took a leadership role in Cisco each function in the organization used to control, their own IT decisions including funding and this system had been an operation for close to a decade. However, Boston thought of centralizing funding system for the IT projects as a bold move towards linking multiple functions together. BPOC was instituted in 2002 as a high-level advisory committee to the organization in respect to matters of enterprise-wide productivity and prioritized organizational issues. Member of the BPOC was drawn from senior executives representing major organization functions.  

Written Assignment Questions about Orgamisation Management Essay

Written Assignment Questions about Orgamisation Management - Essay Example He implies that there should not only be one beneficiary of an organization saying that both the employer and the employee must gain a certain level of benefits that would be commensurate to the effort that both employee and employer has put in. His main objective was to increase productivity of the workers. He noticed that workers had their own way of doing their work even without any specific instructions on how it should be done. This discovery led to the conclusion that if the employees are left to their devises it made them lose efficiency and that they were not maximizing their abilities. He then introduced a solution of having supervisors to teach and help the workers do their work the right way. He further analyzed the actions and responsibilities that are essential in any job within the organization and developed processes for the jobs could be done in the most efficient ways possible. With the improved processes, the job requirements were coupled with the training of the workers and the support of the supervisors. They come in the type of right direction, assistance and incentives. With this, he included four principles guiding actions. First of the four principles is develop for every job a â€Å"science† that includes rules of motion, standardized work implements and proper working conditions. The second principle is to select worker with the right abilities for the job. The third is to carefully train workers to do the job and give them the proper incentives in cooperate with the job â€Å"science†. And the last principle is to support workers by carefully planning their work and by smoothing the way as they go about their jobs (Schermerhorn, 2007). The first principle says that any job should have guidelines of how to do implement the job. An example of this is in a fast food establishment, each of their burgers have a different way of cooking but a method was introduced to

Random error Essay Example for Free

Random error Essay The fixed resistance that gives me the greatest range of results is 1000 ?. Interestingly this happens to be the same resistance as the resistance of the thermistor at 25 i C Response time The response time of my sensor depends upon how quickly the thermistor reacts to a change in the temperature of the surrounding environment. The response time of my sensor does not need to be particularly fast under or around ten seconds would be sufficient. This is mainly because the plants in the greenhouse will not be affected be a short period of time at a slightly cooler temperature than the optimum growing temperature of 25 i C. The thermistor that I am using will be able to detect the temperature in one second or less, a period of time that will not affect the plants. Random error There is a chance that a random error could occur in my sensor. This however is a small chance, mainly due to the fact that the sensor will be working permanently, rather than taking results every hour for example. Systematic errors There is a possibility that a systematic error could occur in my sensor, these are mainly down to instances such as zero errors, and usually all of the results are affected. In my sensor, temperature could change the resistance of the fixed resistor in the potential divider. I do not think this should be a problem in my sensor though because the sensor will not become hot enough for this to be a factor. Now that I have taken these things into consideration I am going to perform an experiment to find out what the output potential difference will give at certain temperatures. I will place the thermistor inside a small coin bag, so that I can put the thermistor into a beaker of water. Due to water having a high specific heat capacity, it cools down quite slowly. As a result of this, I will put my thermistor in the bag into a beaker of water. I will read the potential difference across the thermistor at different temperatures of water, starting at 50i C letting the water cool and taking readings every 5i C. When the water temperature reaches about room temperature, I will put some ice cubes into the beaker of water to lower the temperature of the water further. The potential difference output from the lab pack transformer will be 10v.

Admissions Essay: Why Ob/Gyn? -- Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay: Why Ob/Gyn? Â   I'm having trouble coming up with that concise, compelling anecdote about the patient who inspired me to go into Obstetrics and Gynecology, because so many people have helped me realize that this is where I belong. Â   There are the women whose babies I've delivered, whom I've gotten to know at a clinic visit or during the early contractions of active labor, and then coached through the calm between pushes in the last few minutes before delivery. There are the teenagers at their first Gyn exam, nervously kicking the end of the table as we talk about safer sex, the benefits of the pill and just what a speculum actually is. And there are the patients who are very, very sick - the 44-year-old with metastatic ovarian cancer, whose family was ... ...ood prenatal care. Â   Ultimately, I hope to join the faculty of an academic medical center, where I can combine patient care with my love of teaching, and where I can continue to explore how interactive technologies can inform and empower patients. Most of all, however, I look forward to taking care of my patients, drawing on the remarkable depth and breadth of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

All the Pretty Horses Essay

The book All the Pretty Horses is a western drama about teenage cowboys as they transition from adolescence into manhood. The author, Cormac McCarthy, structures the book using echo words and parallel structure that links dialogue exchanges and makes the scenes flow smoothly. McCarthy is a master of this sort of repetition and uses this structure throughout the entire book. There are many examples of this used throughout the book, but the author primarily focuses on the interpersonal relationships, diversity, and change. There are many different types of relationships based on a very vast scale. John Grady Cole has many complicated and some not-so-complicated relationships with his friends and family members. In book 1, McCarthy informs the audience that John Grady’s parents are divorced and in book 4, John Grady’s wife, Alejandra, leaves him. When John Grady flees Texas in book 1, he has the expectations that any sixteen year old cowboy might have. It is ironic that he ends up experiencing events and overcoming obstacles he never thought would occur, including falling in love and then getting his heart broken by his wife. John Grady Cole’s relationships with the leading women in the novel are also peculiar in the way that the women discipline him. In book 1 it was his mother and the servants in the house, and in book 4 Duena Alfonsa definitely gets her way with him. Alfonsa warns John Grady when he is about to cross the line with Alejandra, and then later in the book when she bails him out of jail. In a way, John Grady has to rely on the women which is comforting since he is on a journey of growing up, yet he still falls back on others to guide him. Another parallel relationship occurs in book 1 when John Grady meets with his father who tells him to forgive his mother. In book 4, John Grady seeks the judge for advice and to confess a crime he committed; the judge tells him he should forgive himself. John Grady has a good heart, tries to do the right thing, and reassures himself by going to others for advice. John Grady’s choice in his friendships and choices effect who he has strong relationships with throughout the book and he maintains his strategy through both book 1 and book 4. Another key parallel theme in the book revolves around diversity between John Grady’s homeland-the United States- and his new home in Mexico. On page 25 of book 1 it says, â€Å"The last thing his father said was that the country would never be the same† which relates to book 4 in many ways. One relation occurs on page 299 which states, â€Å"I don’t know, said John Grady†¦I don’t know what happens to a county. In this scene he is reflecting on how things have changed and how there are many differences between events on his homeland in Texas and the events that occur in Mexico. A more direct relation is in book 1 when the boys (John Grady, Rawlins, and Blevins) cross the Rio Grande naked and then in book 4 when John Grady crosses Rio Grande naked-heading back to Texas. The sense of home and the countries boarder really affects John Grady and how he makes decisions based on where he is. The last key theme in the book concerns how John Grady changes during the course of the novel. In book 1 John Grady is ignorant to reality and is just looking for an adventure. On page 5 of book 1 it states, â€Å"He stood like a man come to the end of something. † This quote is ironic because it saying that John Grady is posing as a man at the end of something which is silly since it’s just the beginning of the story. The parallel event that corresponds to this occurs on page 254 of book 4 which states, he â€Å"saw clearly how his life led to this moment. This simple phrase shows that John Grady really observed and reflected on how he accomplished the transition into manhood, and by doing this, changed emotionally and spiritually into a more well-rounded human being. McCarthy really is an outstanding author by being able to use parallel events and echoed sentences between book 1 and book 4. He really accomplished his themes and getting his audience to understand the importance of parallel events that have to do with relationships, diversity, and change.

Race and Ethnicity Essay

Throughout the course of this twisted Monopoly, many themes and stereotypes arose to become apparent. However the two main themes that I observed were gender biases and stereotypes involving race and inequality. These two themes became apparent through the traits and personality the players began demonstrating as the game went on. It was obvious that the blue male (which would represent a white male in real life) became greedy and aggressive as he was set up to be successful and of course was. You then see how player three and five become unsuccessful because of how the game is set up. This represents the stereotype of a woman who is considered an inferior. As the game went on these players were very cautious of every decision they made because it was made obvious that each one was indeed very critical to any success they strived to achieve. By the end of the game it was extremely apparent to everyone that certain opportunities were given to certain people in the game. This basically made it impossible for them to lose this game. This theme however then transfers to reality in that the stereo typical white male will usually be given a much better opportunity then say an African American female. The two articles that I chose reflects the two themes of race and gender stereo types and how they correspond with success or opportunities. In the first article, Workplace Gender Bias: Not Just between Strangers, they discuss how there is â€Å"substantial inequalities between genders in the modern workplace and the evidence for stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. † They then also discuss how this concept can then be applied to race or age minorities as well. The article also explains the significant difference in that studies show that there are gender differences in career choices, salary, harassment, etc. This directly relates to our theme in our game in that the money and income the blue male (which represented a white male) was much greater than that of the red female (who could represent a female minority). In addition, the article explains how many women â€Å"face significant challenges in career advancement,† and â€Å"Women are more likely to self-select into less prestigious and lower paying careers compared to men (Konrad, 2003). † There were many similarities between this article and our monopoly game in that stereo types and feminization of women occur and are apparent in real life just like our game. It is similar in that just like how the article describes and how it is true in society, women are treated as inferior in our game. Because in society women are stereotyped and made the inferior. Like in the game, in real life a women of a minority will struggle so much more to become successful making every decision critical because of the way they are viewed in society. It is also relative in that this is to be true not only for just women, but for race and other minorities of society as well. In society and in the game, these people are not given as good of opportunities as the superior and it is much more difficult to succeed. There is a direct correlation between what is described in the article and what happened in the game. In conclusion, this article relates to one of the themes of our game in that there is gender inequality in reality and the male is more likely to succeed with a higher income and greater opportunity. Within the second article, Racial Mismatch in the Classroom: Beyond Black-White Differences, demonstrates our theme of race inequality. The main point the article is trying to show is that research shows that when the teacher is of the same race or ethnicity of the student, they receive more positive and helpful instruction than if the student is of a different race or ethnicity of the teacher. The research and analysis was mostly based on black and white subjects however. This article not only can relate to just race, but also class, gender, background, IQ, and other factors like we would see in our game. The second article directly corresponds with our game and our other theme in that people of different race are given different opportunity to succeed in life quite often and are stereotyped as well. We see that a white student with a white teacher would be getting a 1 / 2.better education which then sets them up in that they are more likely to succeed in life than the black student. In our game we see that the player who represents our white male is set up to succeed, while our player who represents a minority is set up to fail. This is similar to our game because certain people would work well together and bargain, while some people were just cast aside or not even given the opportunity to bargain because of the unfortunate circumstances they were under. Both of these articles relate to our game in that they represent the opportunities and stereo types of  not only race and class, but gender as well. These stereotypes are also apparent and can be true in reality also. So we see that the changes made in our monopoly game, and the articles found, directly relate to real life and how society works. Although it may be harsh, it is true and can be proven by not many studies and articles, but our twisted monopoly game as well that certain people (like the white male) are going to succeed much more often than someone like a black female. There are these stereotypes because in reality a majority of people fit into them. They fit into them not in the way people normally believe they do, but because society and the superior have created them. That then changes the opportunities in life and the circumstances in which they are under. Works Cited Nadler, J. T. , & Stockdale, M. S. (2012). Workplace Gender Bias: Not Just Between Strangers. North American Journal Of Psychology, 14(2), 281-291. McGrady, P. B. , & Reynolds, J. R. (2013). Racial Mismatch in the Classroom: Beyond Black- white Differences. Sociology Of Education, 86(1), 3-17. doi:10. 1177/0038040712444857 POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Symptoms of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Symptoms of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome The symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome can vary depending on which type of thoracic outlet syndrome you have. And since it is a group of disorders not all symptoms may be present or even constant. Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome The most common type of thoracic outlet syndrome is Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome where the brachial plexus is compressed. By some estimates, 95% of all thoracic outlet syndromes are neurological in nature. Compression of these nerves results in symptoms such as: Pain in your neck and shouldersAn ache throughout your armAn ache in your handNumbness, partial loss of sensation or tingling in your fingersA weakening in your grip strengthGilliatt-Sumner hand, which is when muscles of the hand, particularly around the base of the thumb, atrophy or waste away Many of the symptoms of the neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome are similar to other nerve-related repetitive stress injuries where swelling or inflammation presses on the nerve. This can send shooting pains or radiate aching throughout the affected area. Compression of a nerve can also restrict the signals flowing along the nerve resulting in a loss of sensation or tingling. Since the nerves control the actions of the muscles if the signals are lost or otherwise affected the muscles cannot operate efficiently and you experience weakness. With a prolonged loss of nerve supply, the muscles will atrophy and waste away to be reabsorbed by the body. Vascular Thoracic Outlet Syndrome In Vascular Thoracic Outlet Syndrome where either the subclavian artery or the subclavian vein are compressed symptoms are consistent with reduced blood flow such as: Pain and possible swelling of the armA loss of color at your extremities (hand and/or fingers)A weak pulse in your armA bluish discoloration of your extremities (hand and/or fingers)Infarcts, or tiny spots (usually black) on your extremities (hand and/or fingers)A throbbing lump near your collarboneA blood clot under your collarbone (known as a subclavian thrombosis) The symptoms of vascular thoracic outlet syndrome are typical complications resulting from reduced blood flow. Low blood supply can show up as pallor or loss of color as well as a weak pulse. This is most likely associated with compression of the subclavian artery on the supply side of things. That compression may also result in a throbbing lump near your color bone a result of an area of higher blood pressure as the nominal blood supply is forced through a smaller opening. Restriction of the subclavian vein on the return side can lead to a buildup of oxygen-depleted blood resulting in a bluish discoloration. It can also show itself in the form of pain and swelling as the blood pressure increases from a normal supply and a reduced ability to return it to the heart causing a backup of blood in the arm. Reduced blood flow from either the supply or the return side can increase the chance of a thrombosis or blood clot as well as infarcts. A loss of blood supply may also contribute to muscle atrophy in some cases but the reduction in vascular thoracic outlet syndrome is not normally considered great enough to cause atrophy without causing other major concerns first. Non-Specific Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Non-specific Thoracic Outlet Syndrome is so named because the cause is not clearly identifiable. In these cases, the symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome may be a combination of both neurogenic and vascular disorders or simply a pain or ache throughout the arms and shoulders or around the upper chest and collarbone.

Fun Things to Do During College Summers

Fun Things to Do During College Summers Your time in college during the academic year, that is is, of course, filled with stressors like classes, papers, lab reports, and exams. It is also happily filled with the fun stuff, like friends, parties, going out, and a seemingly endless schedule of upcoming events and activities. During the summer, however, the social scene in your life can drastically decrease, especially if youre no longer on campus and spend your days at a job or internship. Whats a college student to do? Get Some Culture Go to a museum.  Go see some art, plants, science, history, or anything else you find interesting. And make sure to use your student ID for a discount.Go to a film festival.  Film festivals can be a great way to see new, independent films that you might not otherwise see, and summer is a great time to find a festival that focuses on the kinds of films you like.Go to a concert.  Who doesnt like a late-night, all-out, super-fun, big-name concert?Go to a music festival.  The weathers nice, the musics great, and the people are fun and interesting. Take advantage of summer music festivals while you can.Go to a play.  It doesnt have to be Shakespeare but it should be fun. Whens the last night you went to the theater not for a class anyway? Get Creative Learn an instrument.  You may have always had a desire to play the piano, learn the flute, or even play the drums. Why not learn now when you have the time and freedom to really put your heart into it?Take an art class.  Learning to make pottery or how to paint, for example, can be a great way to learn how to release your creative side.Try your hand at creative writing.  You can try to write poems, a short story, or even music. You never know what you might come up with when you have the time and freedom to really let your mind explore!Take a photography class.  Honing your photo-taking skills can be a great way to have fun, meet people, get some skills, and see new parts of your town. Get Lost in a Good Story Read a new release book.  It can be science fiction, general fiction, trashy romance, murder mystery, historical fiction but it doesnt matter. Grab the latest release and let your brain take a break.Read a classic.  Always hearing about a classic book one of your friends or family members loves? Been curious about a novel you never read in high school? Summer is the perfect chance to finally sit down and read it.Buy a magazine you dont usually read.  It can be intellectual, like The Economist, or ridiculous and fun, like People. But whens the last time you just let yourself sit, veg out, and read a magazine?Get an audiobook.  Fair enough: you may read enough during the year to not want your nose in another book over the summer. Consider buying (or getting from the library)  an audiobook that you can listen to while working out or driving around. Get Physical Try a new form of exercise.  Been curious about yoga, pilates, spinning, or something else? The summer is a great time to explore something new and see if its a fit.Join a community sports team.  Most places have community sports teams that play in the summer; they can range from competitive baseball to completely silly kickball leagues. See whats in your area and what you can join for the few months youre free.Take a class at the gym.  Summer can be a great time to get in shape. Your local gym probably has classes you can join that will help you exercise your body and relax your brain.Go golfing.  Never been? Golfing can be a great workout, a fun way to spend the day outside, and an important skill to learn if youre interested in going into the business field.Take a dance class.  Feel awkward when you go out clubbing with friends? A dance class can help, even if its something funky like swing or salsa.Go for a bike ride.  People seem to ride bikes less and less the olde r they get. But bike rides can be a fun way to get out and  get some exercise. Do something that challenges your fears.  Terrified of skydiving? Bungee jumping? And yet,  do you secretly also want to try them? Grab a friend and conquer your fears. Get Social and Give Back Volunteer. Think of the last time you volunteered. Didnt you feel great afterward? No matter where you leave, there are undoubtedly places that could use your time, energy, and smarts.Join a community group. Treat yourself to something fun that also gets you out into the community, like a running or hiking club.Organize an event at your church, temple, mosque, etc.  If youre a little bored this summer, chances are others are, too. Organize something fun with people you have something in common with. Get Entertained Try a new video game. Seriously, its summer. What better time is there to grab a new game and play it without worrying about that paper youd have to write if it were the school year?Watch a movie marathon. You can rent a ton of your faves or just watch a themed marathon on a TV network.Spend a weekend seeing all the new releases. Grab a friend and see if you can see all the new releases in one weekend. With food in the theater, theres no reason why you can just spend all day there, seeing movie after movie!Try a new idea: breakfast and a movie. Just wake up? Call a friend and meet at a local place that serves 24/7 breakfasts ASAP. Then amble over to the theater and enjoy whatever movie is next playing. Added bonus: breakfast is cheaper than dinner, and matinees are cheaper than the later shows.Head to an amusement park.  Its a summer classic and can easily turn into one of the highlights of your summer. See the World Or Explore Your Own Backyard Take a bus or a train somewhere new. Flying can be so cheap these days that folks sometimes forget about the bus or train. But sometimes the journey is half the fun, and youll see new parts of the country youd never see from the air.Take a quick flight somewhere new. Since flights, especially last-minute deals, can be so cheap, why not hop a flight this weekend and see a friend?Act like a tourist in your own town.  If you were in your town on vacation, what would you do? You might surprise yourself by finding new things to do and see.Go camping.  Camping during the school year can be a challenge, both because of your workload and because of the weather. Utilize all that summer has to offer for the great outdoors. Get Cookin Try a new kind of food or restaurant. Heard people talk about how delicious Peruvian food is, for example? Or have you always been secretly afraid to try sushi? Challenge yourself to try something new (to you).Experiment in the kitchen/learn to cook. During school, you probably dont have much time to learn how to cook; you just need food, fast. Use some of your summer free time to learn how to cook.Take a knife class.  Learning how to properly use a knife in the kitchen is both handy and impressive and yet very few people do it correctly. Taking a knife class at a local cooking school will be entertaining and super helpful as you learn to cook for yourself more and more.Take a bartending class.  Its fun, its handy, its a great way to meet people with similar interests. Whats not to like?Host your own Iron Chef competition.  Gather several friends and divide them into groups. Then, at a certain time in the morning, e-mail out the secret ingredient. Everyone has to report back t o, say, your house at 5:00. People will have fun and youll have dinner on top of it. Pamper Yourself Get a massage at a massage school.  Youre a student; you know how important it is to learn by doing. Find a local massage school and help another student learn his or her trade. Added bonus: massage-school massages are usually way cheaper than the regular ones and just as good.Get a funky haircut.  You may not even get a haircut while youre away at school. Why not use summer as a time to get a little funky with color or style? Take Full Advantage of the Summer Season Go to a major sports game.  Baseball, basketball, soccer it doesnt matter. Grab some friends and head to the stadium.Go to a minor sports game.  Things like  minor league baseball games can be incredibly fun and much cheaper than the big leagues. See whos around your town and when you can watch em play.Grab some kites, friends, burgers, beers, and a picnic table.  With that combo, how can you go wrong?Go to a water park.  Summer is prime time for water park fun as long as you remember the suntan lotion.Make your own fun water park day.  You dont have to have a water park near you to enjoy yourself. Grab some water balloons, a Slip n Slide, a kiddie pool (that can be used for lounging or even, when filled with ice, for storing drinks), some friends, and a hose. Set Yourself Up For Success Get a head start on your fall classes.  Alright, this one may sound lame, but it can do wonders for your mental health to look over your syllabi and perhaps get a head start on the reading especially for a class you might be geeked out about.Set up systems for success for the new year.  Okay, this also sounds lame, but think about it: Did you struggle with time management? Being  organized? Spending a little time now, while you have it, may save you a lot of time and frustration once school starts.Take an online class.  You wont have to commute, you can save some cash, and you might even get ahead on the credits youll need to graduate.Build a personal website.  If youre going to be graduating next year, a personal website can be a great way to advertise yourself to future employers and show them all your mad skills. Make sure to keep it clean and professional.Go through your old stuff and donate what you dont use or need.  Do you have things for 2 lives: your college lif e and your pre-college life? Someone somewhere will probably be grateful for all of those sweatshirts and t-shirts youre no longer using. Clean up your e-life.  Super fun? Probably not. Will you feel better afterward? Most definitely. Dump your old Facebook friends, clean up your  laptop desktop, and delete old pictures you dont want or would hate to get in the wrong hands from your camera or phone. A clean e-slate is a great way to start your new year.

How Organizational Change Affected DOD Employees Research Paper

How Organizational Change Affected DOD Employees - Research Paper Example   The management of change is extremely important in the development of an understanding between employers and employees because it focuses on the people within the said organization and how they resist changes that are imposed on them (Rusaw, 2005, p.482). It also comes to look at how, afterward, these employees come to accept these changes as being part of their work environment. It has been found that the administration of the Department of Defence tend to aim at creating an environment which is highly receptive of change because they have come to realize that the acceptance of change is the key which determines whether the changes that they implement become either successes or failures. The strategy which is used by the Defence Department when making changes to the organisation has come to be found to be what makes the difference on how well these changes are received by its employees, and as such, it is what determines the level of success that newly implemented management str ategies have not only on the employees but also on the department itself (Durant, 2008, p.282). It has been found that the best means that the Defence Department implements changes among its employees has been its recognition of the fact that it is a normal human behavior to resist change. One of the most pertinent issues that it has come to address when implementing changes has been the recognition that its employees will not automatically accept any of the new changes that it attempts to implement.   

Electronic Commerce (Frank Sissons LTD) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Electronic Commerce (Frank Sissons LTD) - Essay Example At Franke-Sissons Ltd, the company has fully integrated internet technologies as a business strategy by adding the latest ICT architecture to develop a full-fledged website that has an online E-commerce facility enabling online transactions and marketing facilities. The Franke-Sissons Ltd website has also started an online order tracking system that enables clients keep abreast of the movement of their purchases (Franke Sissons, 2009). Franke Sissons Ltd is a UK based European stainless steel sanitary and catering equipment manufacturer. It was started in Sheffield, UK in 1784 as the W & G Sissons Ltd dealing exclusively in sanitary equipment [see Appendix Figure:7]; it merged with Swiss Franke WSS family group in 2002 to becoming Franke Sissons Ltd (2007) adding catering ware to its catalogue [see Appendix Figure:8]. The company employs over 100 staff with most of them engaged within the production division the firm specialising in complimentary sanitary and catering products that are retailed internationally (Franke Sissons, 2009). The term E-commerce has been simply defined as ‘doing business electronically’ (Timmers, 1998). Andam (2005) however defines electronic commerce as ‘The transformation of an organization’s processes to deliver additional customer value through the application of technologies, philosophies and computing paradigm of the new economy’ (Pg. 7). Andam (2005, Pg.5) argues that electronic commerce has levelled the playing field in marketing for goods and services whereby with skilful careful approach, small and medium scale enterprises are able to compete efficiently with the larger more established enterprises. According to a Forrester Research estimate, global e-commerce trade for 2008 stood at $204 billion with a projected growth of up to $335 billion by 2012 [see Appendix Figure: 6]. Within

Recycling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recycling - Research Paper Example An understanding of the term recycling is essential, as it is the base of our argument (Goldsmith, 2010). Recycling refers to the conversion of waste products into new materials. It is the separation, collection and subsequent transformation or manufacturing of waste products into usable products. The transformed usable products are of market value. The materials are converted into, either a secondary product or the same product. The recycled material replaces the virgin material during the usage or manufacturing process. Recycling is essential to industries and society in meeting their goals of efficient management of the limited resources, the cost reduction, and reduced landfill utilization (Donald, 2001). Therefore, recycling is the process of converting wastes or useless products into useful products for humans. The process will help reduce consumption of raw materials, reduce energy consumption, and reduce greenhouse gas emission of global warming pollution (Isayev & Khait, 2005). The process is a cycle made up of three main stages. Collecting and sorting is the first stage. Here, there is the collection, then processing and sorting of waste materials to the type for the use. The second stage is the manufacturing stage. At this stage, the collected and the sorted materials pass through manufacturing. Lastly, we have the selling or providing the recycled products to the consumers. The purchase of the materials ends the cycle (Bertolini, Delalande & Hubesch, 2009). Recycling is important in environmental protection. It helps in waste reduction and reusing of materials. The process reduces the need for extraction, refining, and the need for processing the raw materials that causes a substantial water and air pollution. An importance of such processes helps to reduce the level of pollution from the waste. For instance, it prevents the greenhouse gasses and the harmful chemicals

Fooled Into Collectivism Essay Example for Free

Fooled Into Collectivism Essay In most Collective Societies people are tricked into thinking that it will be better for them, than their old form of government. Most of them are fooled into believing that they will have a perfect life, and they will never have any more problems. In Anthem, a science fiction novel written by Ayn Rand, everyone thinks that their life is perfect and that this way of life is the only option they have. The people in these societies have accepted that the way of life they are used to is utterly wrong and the correct way is to give up everything for the good of everyone. The citizens of Anthem say, â€Å"There are no men but only the great WE, One, indivisible and forever† (Rand 19). This shows that their governments officials have made them think that now they are perfect and they will live and reign forever. In Anthem’s â€Å"perfect† society they work as one for common goals. For example they all do separate jobs to help the community get things accomplished. When the children are young they are all taught to be exactly like everyone else. Equality explains, â€Å"We strive to be like all our brother men, for all men must be alike.† (Rand 7). Equality had a lot of trouble with this, because he loved to learn and experiment with new things. Fooling the citizens wasn’t the only tactic the leaders used. They also used fear to scare them into thinking that their way of life is the only way that will work for them. Equality says, â€Å"There is fear hanging in the air of the streets. Fear walks through the city, fear without name, without shape. All men feel it and none dare to speak.† (Rand 43). This fear also helped them trick people into thinking that they are very powerful, when really they have no guards or locks on the doors. Through conning and inducing fear, leaders have changed their people’s way of life for the good of everyone instead of themselves. Their government has been transformed into a Collectivist based society.

The Pearle :: Free Essay Writer

The Pearle In The Pearl, by John Steinbeck, evil transforms certain humble citizens into envious savages. Evil was exhibited by the doctor who refused to treat Coyotito because his parents had no money. When the doctor heard of Kino and Juana's fortune in finding "the pearl of the world" (722), he boasted that they were patients of his while thinking of a better life for himself in Paris. Coyotito was healed when the doctor finally came to their straw hut. He deceived Kino by giving the baby a white powder that made him go into convulsions. An hour later he came and gave Coyotito the remedy and immediately wanted to know when he was getting paid. The evil in the pearl had reached the heart of the doctor. The pearl's evil did not restrict itself to infecting Kino's peers; it also affected Kino himself. He wanted to sell the pearl and use the money to better his family's standard of living. He had dreams and goals that all depended on the pearl. When Juana wanted to destroy the pearl, Kino beat her unmercifully: He struck her in the face and she fell among the boulders, and he kicked her in the side...He hissed at her like a snake and she stared at him with wide unfrightened eyes, like a sheep before a butcher. (742) Juana saw through the outer beauty of the pearl and knew it would destroy them, but Kino's vision was blurred by the possible prosperity the pearl brought. The malignant evil then spread to a secret cult known only as the trackers. This corrupt band of ruffians attacked and destroyed Kino's life. The very night that the trackers learned of Kino's pearl, they tried to steal it. The next night, Kino was attacked twice, which resulted in Kino committing murder. After the final struggle of the night, Juana went back to their home to find more baneful members of the heartless cult rampaging through their belongings to find the pearl. The end result was Kino and Juana's house going up in flames. The trackers then comm itted the cardinal sin, they destroyed Kino's canoe: This was an evil beyond thinking.

Food and Beverage Management Essay

The food and beverage department plays a pivotal role in a star hotel. Such a hotel can hardly be convinced of without food and beverage section. Star hotels worldwide have costly and gorgeous bars which earns them significant amount of revenue. To extend the beverage provision of the hotel, there should be a strategy to procure and sell quality beverage at competitive price and serve the guests to their satisfaction in an ambient environment. For achieving the goal one should having a fair knowledge of different licensing regulations to achieve a great sale of different kinds of beverages and customer satisfaction. a) â€Å"The licensing framework and its implications on the hotel†. * Local licensing framework: There were various licensing laws in the UK governing sale of liquor in the past. The ‘licensing Act 2003’ came into existence on 10 July, 2003, which â€Å"provides for a unified system of regulation of the activity of sale and supply of alcohols†. * Some aspects of the licensing Act 2003 are explained below: i) Licensable activities and qualifying club activities. a) â€Å"These activities are the sale by retail of alcohol, b) The supply of alcohol by or on behalf of a club to, or to the order of, a member of the club, c) The provision of regulated entertainment, and d) The provision of late night entertainment†. ii) Licensing authorities: The Licensing Act 2003 mentions the bodies which consist of licensing authorities. Each licensing authority, with the exception of those which cover the inner and middle Temples is required to establish a licensing committee of between ten and fifteen members and also describe the objectives which the licensing authorities must promote. These objectives are: * â€Å"Public safety * The prevention of crime and order * The prevention of public nuisance * The protection of children from harm†. iii) Each licensing committee is required to â€Å"determine and a publish a statement of its licensing policy every three years. The licensing authority must consult: * The police, * The local fire authority, * People who represent holders of various categories of licenses, * Representative of local business and residents†. iv) This Act provides for four types of license namely: * Personal license * Club premises certificates * Temporary event notices * Premises license â€Å"A premises license This license authorizes a hotel to carry out licensable activities. It has details of operating conditions which requires the premises to carry out its operation in line with the licensable objectives. It lasts unless it is surrendered or revolved. It may be time if te applicant so requests†. * Some aspects of regulations of premises licenses: An application for a premises license needs to be made in prescribed form: An applicant for a premises license: * Will submit an operating schedule underlining curtain about activities to be carried out in the premises. * If represented against it by the police, the fire authority, the safety agency, or interested parties, the licensing authority will call for a hearing. After considering the hearing, the same authority may reject the application fully or partly or may attach some condition to the license. * Requires an appointment of an ‘authorized person’. * Requires a ‘designated premises supervisor’, a holder of personal license for the place where the premises license operates. * Identifies some categories of person, who, among others , may apply for premises license: * A person who is engaged or proposed to be engaged in a business involved on licensable activities in the premises. * Any individual aged at least 18 wishing to run a business on commercial basis involving the sale or supply of alcohol. * Provide for some mandatory condition which among others are: * Every supply of alcohol must be made by a personal license holder or person by him. * In case a premises license is stolen, lost, damaged or destroyed, the premises license holder may apply for a copy to the license authority. * Unless granted for a limited period on the desire or the applicant, a premises license will last until it is surrendered or revoked. This will lapse if the holder dies, mentally incapable and insolvent, the company is dissolved. A license holder may voluntarily surrender a premises license. * Some other aspects * Unlike the previous regulations, the licensing Act 2003 dose not fix up the days or the opening hours when alcohol may sell by retail for consumption on or off the premises. The licenses themselves decide when to sell and when to close the sale. * Centrally set, fees for license, certificates etc are fixed on the basis of full cost recovery. * The license authorities have the power to suspend or revoke a license. They can also modify operating condition. * The police are empowered to close licensed premises to deal quickly with unruly behavior and excessive noise. * Offences The following activities, among others, constitute offence under the Act. Ignorance of these offences will impede a manager’s function and duties. A few of them are: * Unauthorized licensable activities (section 136). * Exposing alcohol for unauthorized sale (section 137) * Keeping alcohol on premises for unauthorized sale (section 138) * Allowing disorderly conduct on licensed premises etc (section 146) * Sale of alcohol to drunk person . * Obtaining alcohol form a drunk person (142) * To keeping smuggled goods (section 144) * Admitting un accompanied children under 16 to certain premises (section 145) * Selling alcohol by retail on and moving vehicles (section 158) * Furnishing false statement made for the purpose of this Act (section 158) (Part 7 of the licensing Act 2003) * Implication of licensing regulation. In this age of high –tech technology when business operation are conducted within moments though electronic online system, processing of application for a beverage license rather a longer time. Granting such a license by the licensing committee is also equally time consuming. b) â€Å"Developing the drinks and wine list to achieve higher income and customer satisfaction, including non-alcoholic drinks†. * Developing drink Menu /List To extend the beverage provision of the hotel assistant manager has to focus on the sale tools of beverages, a primary requirement contribute to their sale. These tools are: 1. Beverages menus 2. Creating right and cosy ambience and decor in the room 3. Selling of popular and quality drink at competitive price. The common and main tools are the menus, popular and quality beverages themselves. To carry out the program of extending beverages provision the assistant manager must consider the following: * When customer are on the premise at hotel bar or restaurant, they look for: * An attractive and appropriate menu. * Good food and beverages in soothing and ambient environment. * The beverages menus. The beverages menus inform customers what drinks they have available and their cost. By presenting a well planned and nicely prepared menu, an atmosphere is created to target sale of alcohol to the customers and achieve a margin of profit. Therefore, it is very important to plan and present an appropriate menu so as to make the customers touch the menu with a sense of satisfaction that easily leads him to his choice. Using correct language and setting right location of the items in the menu, the management may skillfully entice customers to select their items comfortably. To carry out the strategy there is a need to fix up basic menu criteria that consists of the following factor: * General presentation General presentation of a menu identifies the image of the hotel. The following aspects of a menu are very important which should be: * Attractive * Clean * Easy to read * Complementary * Responsive to current awareness * Well designed * Menu content The content of a menu is very important. The for beverage provision the menu needs to be prepared and presented in the style and with features as discussed below: * Language The language of menu must be I line with the type of operation. If prepared in foreign language, it must be simple and accurate so that customers can easily choose items of their preference. * Accuracy The menu needs conveying the right price of the items and their availability. customers do not like wasting their time. So the menus must be accurate about pricing and availability. * Pricing Attractive and competitive, correct pricing of an item of food or alcohol is key to the extension program. Recasting the present price structure is essential to target sale at comparative price. * Sales mix Sales mix refers to composition of total sales as between main food and beverages. Designing a menu with potential sales mix of items the customers may select is important. If the sales mix is not satisfactory it will be hard to cover the costs of food and which eventually may fail the operation. * Layout of the menu It should neither be too short or too long. The length of the menu should be as such as will adjust itself to the liking and need of the customers, who prefer short and attractive menus. * Types of beverages menus Beverages menus are grouped as * Wine menus * Bar menus * Room service beverage menus * Special promotion beverages menus * Bar menus: These are two types, such as, large display of beverage menu and the small printed menus. The former should be displayed at the back or to the side of the bar while the later be available on the bar or on the table of the bar. * Room service beverage menus Depending on the standard of the hotel and the level of room service offered, these should be quite expensive to entice the customers. * Special promotion beverage menus It is essentially a promotion menu. This relates to advertising sale of a particular beverage either free or at a special price during an event. c) â€Å"The pricing policy for the new drink list†. More presenting attractive and well designed menus may not boost up beverage sale. Significantly important is adapting correct pricing policy. The beverage market is very competitive. Economic recession worldwide has to some extent the situation. The number of pubs has gone down but investment in the development of new premises has increased. Pubs, clubs and bars sector is largest employer in the world. The sector is very competitive. Considering the realities, the assistant manager therefore lays emphasis on the following aspects regarding pricing. * Pricing The price should include the operation cost, setting up cost, the cost of electricity, gas, washing, cleaning, the fixed cost such as staff cost, rates, loan payment, mortgages and VAT. The pricing should be based on the target market of the operation. Pricing also determines the type of clientele the operation has. A premium price demands not only a high quality drink but also high quality service, furnishing, decor, ambience or entertainment. The product and service, as received by the customers, must match the value of the money they spend, regardless of what the price may be. Pricing policy should attract customers even through by lowering profit. Pricing should be targeted to work a promotional tool. Offering special lunch or dinner with alcoholic drinks and offering wine on discounts to target group of users should be made for larger sale. The hotel management should aim at maximizing the number of customers. They should target the customers, they believes, they will have. The physical design of the premises, the human resources, the products themselves and the styles of service should meet the expectation of the customers. To maximize numbers of customers, gaming, betting, casino lotteries should be installed. Incidence of investment necessary in this regard should be included into beverages pricing. Cost of storage and control of beverage should invariable from a part of price. d) â€Å"Purchasing, storage and control of beverage stock†. * Purchase of beverage stock To sell any beverage profitably largely depends how it is procured, stored and preserved from damage, miss use and theft. Therefore the hotel management should adapt the following policy in relation to beverage purchase. * Purchase The hotel tied up with a brewery company like bass, white bread and brains. Beers may be procured from the parent company and other beverages from nominated suppliers. The drinks should be sometimes procured from nominated suppliers in bulk quality as to achieve significant discount. When beverage can be bought from a parent company at lesser price than supplier’s it should be bought from them. The hotel being a part of national chain, the purchase of all business is conducted by the purchasing department which should independently choose any suppliers it likes by negotiating maximum discount * An item wise strategy for purchases of alcohol is as follows. * Breweries Breweries are national, regional or local microbrewery. The hotel, even if tied to any brewery, should retain its option to source its purchase independently. When non-tied they can buy from any source by negotiating discount. * Cash and carry Specialist supermarket, cash and carry sells in bulk. The hotel may use them in emergency following normal practice: * General wholesaler The hotel may purchase alcohols or wines with competitive price from big wholesalers which buy from overseas and keep stock of beverage in their large warehouses. * Wine wholesaler. Like a general wholesaler, a wine wholesaler is specialized in supplying better quality wine. They can also sell premium spirits like Avery’s of Bristol. They may be used to procure wines for customers having higher socio-economic profile and disposable earning. Wines seller like Matthew Clark may be used as a significant source. * Brokers They specialized in sales usually from a specific region. To sell to both small and big operations. Both of them may use the brokers when needed and convenient. Purchasing from brokers through complex with cost factors, should be used during expediency. * Agency distributor As often cheaper and s they also offer after service they should be another source for beverage purchase. They are large wholesalers, often having licenses to manufacture international brands within UK. * Storage and control of beverage Procuring beverage at competitive price with satisfaction discount is an important skill in revenue earning from alcohol sale. Equally important is how the procured beverage are stored, preserved and their movement is controlled. If beverages are not properly stored, they will deteriorate and also may be stolen. This direct affects investment and revenue earning. As consumed by customers by customers food and beverage should be stored, preserved, maintained in a manner that they remain fit for humans consumption. The following factors in storing and controlling the beverage stock should be taken care of in relation to: * Sprits, liquors and some types of wine which have shelf lives. * Application of food safety Acts to control hazardous substances and beverages. * Cleaning of beers pumps and lines area as supplied through them. * The storage area should be clean as dry damp condition can harm label, cartoons etc. * Lightning should be low (40watts maximum). The beer storage should be 13 to 14 degree Celsius while a wine storage should have a temperature of 13 degrees. A significant variation let us say 3 to 4 degrees either way can effect deterioration. * All storage areas of all kinds of beverage should always be kept clean, tidy and be swept and washed. Empty containers must not be kept in the same place with the new stock as they are likely to accumulated bacteria from open containers. * A financial involvement in the wet stock being big, security aspect of stock should be taken care of. Access to storage record and movement of stock both internally and externally should be controlled, specific and designated. * Beverage beyond expiry dates cannot be sold. So it should be a regular practice to examine † the best before system on line information on stock control, electronic bar management, rapid order system point of sale , application of appropriate technology for control of beverage stores all these are effective control method of beverage stock .